Dvd Player Strap Headrest

No message commands in the business logic!

I recently received e-mail request from a developer, because how he could test it with ABAP units, whether a particular error message that he goes through in its business logic, not be sent or received is. He had already tried in various ways, was at this point but no further.

If something turns out to be testable to be complicated, it is often not the unit test, or even, as has geargwöhnt indirectly, the Unit Test Framework (between the lines I read "Pah! With ABAP Unit can not even be an Error message intercept or . query "), but usually the problem is to test the code itself The same here.

Suppose there is a plausibility test requires that a user enter prices exceed a certain maximum amount must not be. In the transaction bound to the class that checks the input values, we may find the following Code:

if iv_input_price> gv_max_price.

 * The input price & 1 is too high (maximum: & 2) 
 message e100 with iv_input_price gv_max_price. 
 endif. 
 
 
 
 This works just fine in the GUI completely. But the automatic testing of code there are complications. The unit test, which simulates an excess of the maximum amount, can not run up to the end. When he meets with the error message that passes the test, the control unit bound to the GUI to display the error. But this means that the execution of unit tests stops here. Both - the display of the error and the impossibility of the Unit testing should be completed correctly - of course, is undesirable. 
 
 Where is the problem here? 
 
 Although the code seems so productive working properly and the problem only occurs when unit test, the problem is not the unit test and certainly not in the Unit Test Framework. The problem is that the above code binds the test logic in the existence of a GUI: the message 
 
 command is a statement that is passed to the GUI to run. It is not possible to test independently run by the GUI. This is harmful in many ways: 
 
 
 
 The code can not run in the background, eg in a Job: An error message will result in immediate termination of the job. But if such a number of documents in the background should be recorded, this is not the desired behavior: So normally, only the processing of the current 
 
 document is canceled and must proceed to the next document. 
 
 
 It is not possible to use the class with this assessment in a web application or with a completely different user interface: Since the message 
 
 statement can not run, there is an interruption of the process with a short dump - So the Web (HTTP 500) to an "internal server error". 
 
 
 It is not possible, the logic of this offer class as API function, since the failure leads to a situation that is not controlled by the interface. 
 
 
 
 
 
 All problems in computer science can be solved by introducing a new level of indirection be 
, a famous quote by Butler Lampson 
 
 is. [1] This is also in this case Sun Just separate the treatment of an error by the detection, we invented the exception. Instead of an error to report the situation directly in the GUI, the program should raise an exception, which might best like a class-based. This exception is declared in the interface of the test method. The consumer can then use this method 
 a try ... catch ... 
 block to decide what he wants to do in exceptional cases. After the introduction of such exception, the code looks something like this for example: if 
 
 
 iv_input_price> gv_max_price. 
 RaiseException type zcx_price_exceeds_bound 
 exporting 
 price = iv_input_price 
 bound = gv_max_price. 
 endif. 
 
 
 
 The test unit designed according to this logic is simple - and simple unit tests are usually a sign that the productive code has come very good. Here is the test that the test detects a limit violation and raises the expected exception: 
 
 
 test_bound_detected method. 
 try. 

go_validator-> check_price (gc_very_high_price).
* Not OK - exception was not triggered: fail ('is too high a price trigger exception! "). catch zcx_price_exceeds_bound into lo_ex.
* OK - Check the option still the exception parameters:
assert_equal ( act = lo_ex-> price exp = gc_very_high_price msg = 'exception object parameterized false'). assert_equal (
act = lo_ex-> bound = exp
go_validator-> gv_max_price msg = 'exception object parameterized wrong' ). ENDTRY. ENDMETHOD.

The reverse test can be useful, if a sufficiently low price (eg 1) is input to
no exception:

test_no_ex_for_price_in_range method. go_validator-> check_price (1).
ENDMETHOD.

not missing anything else? No! After catching an exception, we can safely leave the Unit Test Framework: If there is one exception, this is a bug in the program. So the unit test framework already responded correctly by the test

test_no_exc_for_price_in_range in the overview as incorrect mark is. See also my blog
Unhandled exceptions as assurance
.

We could consider the case as settled:

 Error Messages in the test logic should be avoided. 
 End of story. 
 
 Nevertheless, the underlying complaint that the Unit Test Framework could not catch error messages (regardless of whether it makes sense or not). The answer is: It can 
 

- if we are ready to introduce another level of indirection! While I run, how to do that, I certainly do not advise the use of error messages. It could be, however, that knowledge of this possibility in some cases even useful.

fact ABAP offers a way to intercept error messages: function modules always have the built-in Exception error_message

. If this exception is caught explicitly by calling a function module, it is triggered when an error message in the past or from the function module called by code. So you can retrieve by calling the function module as usual the
sy-subrc
to recognize that an error message was triggered. Now there are methods for good reason (see above) no such mechanism. However, we can introduce a function module, the dynamic methods a given object at run time with a given parameter list at run time calls:

FUNCTION Z_TEST_E_MESSAGE.
• *"----------------------------------------------- ----------------------- * "*" Local interface: * "IMPORTING
*" REFERENCE (IO_OBJECT) TYPE REF TO OBJECT
* "REFERENCE (IV_METHOD) TYPE CSEQUENCE
• * "REFERENCE (IT_PARAMETERS) TYPE ABAP_PARMBIND_TAB *"--------------------------------- -------------------------------------
call method io_object-> (iv_method)
parameter- it_parameters table.
ENDFUNCTION.

The following example program displays the using a mini object lcl_testee , generated on the request Error Messages, such as the occurrence or non-occurrence of Error Message in the unit test can be considered:
* ---
z_test_e_message report.

 
 * --- How to test for error messages within unit tests 
 
 * --- 
 lcl_testee class definition. 
 public section. 
 methods unwise_check 

importing iv_error type flag.
endclass. "Lcl_testee DEFINITION

* ---
lcl_testee class implementation.

 method unwise_check. 
 if iv_error eq 'X'. 
 message E001 (bl) 
 with 'Never issue e-message  in a validator'. 
     endif. 
   endmethod.                    "unwise_check 
 endclass.                    "lcl_testee IMPLEMENTATION 
  
 * --- 
 class lcl_test definition  
       for testing  " #AU Risk_Level Harmless 
       inheriting from cl_aunit_assert. " #AU Duration Short 
  
   private section. 
     data go_testee type ref to lcl_testee. 
     methods: 
       setup, 
       prepare_parameters  

importing iv_error type flag
exporting et_parameters type abap_parmbind_tab,
test_error for testing, test_no_error for testing.

endclass. "lcl_test DEFINITION

  
  * 
 class lcl_test implementation. 
 * 

method setup.
create object go_testee.
endmethod. "setup * method test_error. data: lt_parameters type abap_parmbind_tab, lv_subrc type i.
call method prepare_parameters
exporting iv_error = 'X' importing et_parameters = lt_parameters. call function 'Z_TEST_E_MESSAGE'
exporting
io_object = go_testee iv_method = 'UNWISE_CHECK' it_parameters = lt_parameters
exceptions
error_message = 1. lv_subrc = sy-subrc. assert_not_initial( act = lv_subrc msg = 'Method should issue an error message' ).
endmethod. "test
*
method test_no_error.
data: lt_parameters type abap_parmbind_tab.

     call method prepare_parameters 
       exporting iv_error = space 
       importing et_parameters = lt_parameters. 
     call function 'Z_TEST_E_MESSAGE' 
       exporting 
         io_object     = go_testee 
         iv_method     = 'UNWISE_CHECK' 
         it_parameters = lt_parameters 
       exceptions 
         error_message = 1. 
     assert_subrc( sy-subrc ). 
   endmethod.               "test_no_error 
 * 
   method prepare_parameters. 

data: ls_parameter type abap_parmbind,
lv_error type ref to flag.
et_parameters clear.
CreateDataSource lv_error.
lv_error-> * = iv_error.
ls_parameter-name = 'IV_ERROR'.
ls_parameter-kind = cl_abap_objectdescr => exporting.

 ls_parameter-value = lv_error. 
 
 ls_parameter insert into table et_parameters. 
 
 ENDMETHOD. 
 
 endclass. "Lcl_test IMPLEMENTATION 
 
 
 
 This program shows that it is quite possible error messages in unit tests to catch. The significant amount of test code for such a simple thing like Throwing an error message, however, an unmistakable "
 
 Code Smell" - is used in this case, ensure that the 
 
 command message in an inappropriate area. 
 
 
 [1] Quoted from Greg Wilson, Andy Oram [ed]: 
 Beautiful Code 
, O'Reilly, Sebastopol (CA), June 2007, p.279. 
 
 
 

Sample Of Speech Anniversary

hit and run - Part 2: The later finding and the visibility of accidents

When is the later finding more immediately?

If they had waited a reasonable time of the accident in vain without the victim or other third parties to identify previously were to be found, may you walk away scot-free from the accident. This requires, however, that you then immediately make the proof of identity and their possible involvement in accidents to the police. The law defines "immediately" the quality of the reporting "without undue delay." Depending on the case and as circumstances permit, they should immediately or promptly as possible the findings. On the other hand, during nighttime accidents satisfying, in principle, a message the next morning (OLG Hamm, NZV 2003, 424). To be sure, but they should report immediately to the police.

· What do I do when I first noticed the accident at home?

In most criminal cases of hit and run are accidents in which it came to light impulses between two vehicles when entering or exiting. Especially in such cases it is possible that the collision caused the accident that has not even noticed. In this context, speaks of the visual, auditory and tactile perceptibility of accidents. One wonders therefore whether the accident seen, heard or been perceived as a jerk. Evidence in the case of an accident Aufprälle, significant accident noise and vibration. Whether and how an accident was perceived, can be retrospectively by expert opinion to determine the basis of the damage pattern. Whereas it is generally not advisable to rely on having not noticed the offense with another car, although this is not true. If you are making a jolt or collision, you should verify that it is not thereby come to external damage.

you notice a damage to their vehicle at home that they should try to remember at which point it could have come to an accident. In this case, you can of course be victim or perpetrator. It is therefore advisable to also notify the police here, as other the accident could have observed. If they are then found to be causing the damage, they still remain , With impunity if it is found that they did not notice the accident or collision could (Federal Constitutional Court, 2 BvR 2273/06).

Because of the many problems in the area of the accident flight it is always a specialist in the traffic law attorney to carry out the defense.

About the Author: Attorney Thomas Brunow lawyer for traffic law in Berlin. Brunow lawyer is legal counsel of the Volkswagen - Audi Dealers Association of Traffic Law Traffic Law and member of the consortium in Berlin. Attorney Thomas Brunow helps victims on traffic accidents and stakeholders on traffic violations (hit and run fine, points on their license, etc.) quickly and efficiently.

more info: www.verkehrsrecht-24.de

Tel: 030 / 226 35 71 13

lawyer Thomas Brunow is a partner of the firm Prof. Dr. string & Partner Berlin

Vesta Beef Risotto Pro Points

An object-oriented metalanguage

In computer magazines and books about model-driven software development in recent times often described the framework
Xtext
and praise - which is mainly due to the fact that it is used for the integration of programming in the Eclipse IDE [. 1] Xtext (or its underlying parser
Antlr
) is an easy-to-learn tool to meet the broad development of domain-specific languages - that is why it is also suitable for entry into the area. But there are interesting alternatives that should at least know.

A more interesting option to make run-time maintainable models for code generation and for the development of DSLs in my view, the so-called
Parsing Expression Grammars (PEG) is
, especially developed by Alessandro Warth object-oriented metalanguage
OMeta
. The basic idea of all PEGs is a generic term the pattern matching, such as it is used in regular expressions. PEGs use the knowledge that all usually are the construction of compilers and interpreters related tasks in a way, only variations of a common mechanism - the pattern recognition [2]




The
Tokenizer
(also
Lexer
or
Scanner
called) transforms an array of characters (the input, the source code) into a sequence of basic syntactic units, tokens. Classically used for this purpose a tool like lex

or its Flex development

. In principle, a Lex or Flex file provides a list of regular expressions that will be applied sequentially to the input until a suitable expression is found. Each regular expression is an "action" in the form of C code assigned, which must eventually end with the return of a well-defined tokens, together with a possible token argument. To illustrate how such a flex file is listed, like my serve
Flex Definition File apc_lexer.lex
project
astro
patterns.

The

parser operates on the array of tokens to generate an internal data structure that is suitable for the efficient processing machine particularly well. Usually the result of parsing an abstract syntax tree (AST). Also, the parsing is basically Pattern recognition, only on a higher level: it uses a different kind of "alphabet" consisting of terminal and nonterminal symbols, and the patterns are the syntax rules, called production rules. Parser has a long history, represented in which
yacc
(

y
et
a nother

c
ompiler
c
ompiler
) a first milestone.
yacc
, although developed over 30 years, is still used for the design of programming languages. I have implemented with
Bison
, the successor to yacc, a
astrological DSL
which serve also to illustrate here should. The
Bison grammar of these DSL
shows a structural similarity that is compared here with the input of a number of so-called production rules. If a suitable rule is found, the associated semantic action

executed.


Type Checker
and
optimizer
are transformations of the AST, which recognize certain patterns and replace them with more specific or more efficient designs. As the product of the parser is usually a syntax tree, one often uses the

visitor design pattern to traverse the tree, run depending on the application-specific operations. [3] The same applies

Finally, the code generator

, who transformed the AST program in source code or binary code for a processor or a virtual machine. Also be used for this purpose to the visitor pattern ajar methods, although this task can be formulated in the form of a grammar with production rules.



OMeta The programming language provides a mechanism to formulate all these tasks in the form of a PEG grammar and fix them. The concept is so general that in principle any transformation of code and data-structures in other target structures. The OMeta syntax can be embedded in different host languages, for example, there OMeta implementations many others,
C #
,

JavaScript, Ruby
- for
Squeak
, COLA (a mixture of Scheme and Smalltalk used the first host language) - increases the number of implementations. I find it particularly attractive to the cooperation with host dynamic languages such as JavaScript or Python. For the interpreted languages are obviously very well prepared for the vision of model-driven software development, at run time in a domain-specific language, the system behavior can be. The JavaScript language also has the additional advantage of being a "default language of the Web Browser" at no extra cost in web applications available. Because I think the language OMeta so important, I have posted on my homepage an area for experimentation at the link
http://ruediger-plantiko.net/ometa/

. It is similar to the http://tinlizzie.org

provided side, however, clearly separates the grammar definition part of the implementation of the parser generated from them.

OMeta is, as its name says, an object-oriented metalanguage that has many interesting features:

Entering OMeta must not source or even be a string, but can an array of arbitrary objects be the host language. This allows for example the transformation of abstract syntax trees. For each syntax tree iw as any sequence of nested arrays, tokens, and objects can be displayed. The JavaScript statement document.getElementById ("btnSave") click ();

for example, could be represented by the AST.

[APPLY
• [APPLY, document, "getElementById", ["btnSave"]] , "click", is []] This, formally speaking, an array that consists of objects - namely, in turn, from arrays of symbols as APPLY (for example, strings and feasible would be) from ordinary JavaScript objects to the host language, as here, the DOM document object , and data types such as strings, numbers, etc. [4] In this form of AST could turn a OMeta program to be submitted for processing. allows object orientation, separation of production rules in different namespaces. Thus, each grammar is free in their choice of name for the symbols, unaffected by any already existing grammars in the same process. Exception of course is the desired explicit reference to an existing grammar through the inheritance mechanism. It is possible to OMeta grammar to inherit from another and can be obtained in the formulation of the production rules to the rules of the superclass. This allows to extend existing parsers, for example, the necessarily existing parser to the host language, with a few lines of code to their own constructs. This is an ideal tool for developers OMeta of programming languages, to try new syntactic idioms.
  
• In contrast to context-free grammars (CFG) of the selection operator is equal rights. On the other hand, it is also an advantage, because the interpretation of a priosierten selection operator produces no ambiguity, so that the PEGs are easier to understand. The last feature of the prioritized choice operator, it usually brings the problem of endless loops on left recursive rules with them. The rule expr = expr "-" number to an infinite descent. In more complicated cases, a closed Cycles forms of several interdependent rules, known as indirect left recursion. Now let all the rules that come across the problem of left recursion, rewriting by hand so that the left recursion does not occur. But the expressions are cumbersome and thus are not so easily understand. From the perspective of a grammar developer it is an unnecessary complication to have to avoid in his grammar Links recursion. Now it is Alessandro Warth OMeta succeeded to solve this problem. In OMeta can also record left recursive rules like the one above. The efficiency suffers including not significant - the Parsezeiten usually depend on the continued linearly on the length of the input. The possibility of recursive rule definitions increases the expression of OMeta in the use of PEG as alternative implementations. OMeta allows the definition of so-called parameterized rules . They are, as the name says, rules that depend on parameters. Warth explains this idiom with reference to a rule for character sets. Character sets can be defined by the traditional selection operator. If it's the built-in rule digit for the recognition of digits in OMeta not exist already, you could define it like this: digit = '0 ' uppercase = CHARRANGE ('A', 'Z')
  The example can be seen that the parameterized rules introduce a higher level of abstraction. Such as inheritance, they allow an "up-down separation, a separation of the universal from the concrete.
• How to do this yet to offer support OMeta even higher order rules: These are rules that have different rules as an argument! This feature is made possible by a combination of parameterized rules with a special built-in rule called
  apply.
• apply takes the name of a rule against
  and executes them. As a useful, practical Warth following example returns OMeta rule:

listof: p = apply (p) ("," apply p ()) *
would match one or more, separated by commas occurrence of "something that usually p enough '. For example, recognizes the term listof ('expression') a comma separated list of expressions (meet a previously defined rule expression ), while
listof ('name')
on a list of names ( the name of the previously defined rule meet
) fits.


I can not find the entire Language OMeta
explain, but only to stimulate their studies. The above statements summarize key parts of Warth's thesis. Who wants to learn more: they have

http://www.tinlizzie.org/ometa/
.
• least I still want a small show in the scene of the "compiler design" favorite example: a "desktop calculator". This concrete calculator can even work with variables, which shows the way that you can build with OMeta also stateful parser. On my test page
  reach its definition by selecting

   Calculator 

  in the list of available grammars. This example is the dissertation of Warth removed. I will discuss briefly here.
  
  The first line

   
   ometa Calc 
   

  a new grammar (a new transformation, a new parser, a new OMeta object) is declared. In this case, it will inherit from the built-in grammar parser
  . This built-in class currently contains only one basic parser functionality - namely, a token rule, can be identified with the space-separated string. This token
  rule is automatically highlighted in all of

parser inheriting grammar definitions included in the string converted commas. More you do not get through this inheritance.
• The next line
  var = letter spaces: x -> x,

shows the typical syntax of a production rule in OMeta. The name of the rule is followed by an equal sign their definition, and by definition can, with an arrow
• - separated> , a semantic action
  be specified. A semantic action is listed in the code of the host language and will be evaluated for a recognized pattern. The result of the evaluation is the return value of the so-called
matchall ()
method with which you can then call the parser.
• 
  In this case we have a rule

   var 

  detection of variable names. First, specify that spaces should be ignored just before a variable name. This is achieved with the built-in rule
  spaces, which recognizes "zero or more spaces." Next comes the actual determination of what is to be recognized as a variable: variables should be single letter in our calculator. For this purpose, we use the built-in rule-based OMeta
  letter. After the colon, then followed by a variable name that contains in the successful application of the rule evaluation result of the semantic action (or, if no semantic action is recognized as fitting the part of the input). These variables that are assigned during parsing, then you can in the semantic Action draw - as here. We determine that the return value of the rule is exactly the recognized character.
  
  A simpler way would be completely equivalent formulation
  
  var = letter spaces

But we do finally learn how OMeta works, and this is the first version better.
• sets the following variables according to the rule determine the permitted numbers - positive whole numbers: num = num: digit n: d -> (n * 10 + d * 1) The declaration of the alternatives. We also learn that even parts of a rule is already a semantic action, may be assigned. The first part of the rule also contains the already discussed left recursion.
  

   This rule could have been equivalent to write again: 

  
  digit num = +: d -> (1 * d.join ('')),
  

   new here is the quantifier <= c && c <= y) -> + 

  with the same semantics as in regular expressions . Enriched with the Quantifier
  + or *
  expression always evaluates to an array with the individual hits as elements. The array, we can by in the semantic action the method

   join () 
   the JavaScript Array class 
   

  zusammenspleissen to a string, and finally to force by multiplying by 1 (type coercion) in the conversion of the numeric data type. This variant usually
  num
  is certainly instructive.

Now follow the
• primary expressions : Entering a variable name will return the contents of the input of a number of strings is said to have just that number to answer, and complex expressions are intended to be clamped: primaryExpr = spaces var: x -> self . vars [x] ")" -> R, new here is the access to the variable self.vars to initialize in a special, in the so-called Parserinstanziierung
  ()

   method is defined as an empty hash and us as a container ( more precisely, serves as a symbol table) for the variables entered in the calculator website. 

  
  There are now the multiplication and addition rules: mulExpr = mulExpr: x "*" primaryExpr: y -> (x * y)
  mulExpr: y -> (x + y)

    be encoded. 

  
  The addExpr is thus more general than
  mulExpr

   and more general than the 

  primaryExpr
  . You latter contains as special cases. The following rule = expr var: x "=" expr: r -> (self.vars [x] = r)
  Expression should be output.

doit = (expr: r) * spaces end -> r

follows Here - outside the OMeta grammar that already mentioned initialize () method by which the computer is put into the initial state: Calc.initialize = function () {this.vars = {};}

In my "Workbench" I can now rule on the input doit

x = 1 y = 2 x + y

 get and apply the output <: Parser {

3. This is because the doit rule several expressions separated by blank space identifies and evaluates. I would not have three Entries can be made in sequence: First x = 1 then y = 2

and finally

 x + y 

Even then I would get 3 the output. The reason is that my "workbench" in each dialog step with the same Parserinstanz works and has noticed so all variable assignments already made in the symbol table vars . It's just a stateful parser - and with this property is also suitable for OMeta REPL Shells (
read-evaluate-print
loops). You might want to OMeta my workbench in my OMeta implemented XML parser View: A well-read in my view, only 42 lines of code allows the transformation of an XML document into a JavaScript object modeled tree. These are the variables, with which one can work in OMeta, it is also one of the issues with which the Viewpoints Research Institute is taken up, developed under the roof also OMeta was: To how many orders of magnitude can consist of source code with the use of appropriate, possible expressive programming environments will be reduced to still achieve that for which it now uses computer (word processing, graphics, Internet, etc.)?

This may be a first insight into a very interesting parser Comply with the I can only recommend to closer study. The fields, around the area of domain-specific languages (DSL) seem to me to be very promising. The language is compact and expressive. Its powerful features, such as object orientation, and parameterized rules of recursion is to thank that grammars can be written much more elegantly than previous tools of this kind

[1] Thus, in Thomas Stahl, Markus Volter , Sven Efftinge, Arno Haase:
Model-Driven Software Development
, 2 Dpunkt edition, Verlag, Heidelberg 2007th

 Jan Köhnlein and Sebastian Zarnekow, 
 Xtext practice 

, eclipse-Magazin 1.2010, p. 50
[2] The following ideas of the thesis by Alessandro Warth Experimenting with Programming Languages are removed.
[3] It is, however, even without the visitor design pattern, which unfortunately is intrusive and in the implementation of a certain awkwardness attached (as I have shown in my blog

).

 [4] Here, the application of a method m is 

of the object o with the argument array [args ...] by the construct [APPLY, o, m, [args ...]] modeled.

Verginity Loss Vedios

hit and run - Part 1: Wait duty

When can I remove a road accident?

measured how long is generally a waiting obligation?

each party in an accident, that is, anyone whose conduct has contributed regardless of its fault for causing an accident, is under an obligation to passive observation. If there are no finding people willing to at the scene, first meets the mere waiting. While you can visit neighbors or other residents, but are not obligated to (OLG Stuttgart VRS 73, 191).

is a reasonable waiting time depends on the circumstances of the case, especially on the severity of the accident, time of day, weather conditions and the question of when to expect to identify previously persons. Therefore, the waiting time for example at night accident on the highway are clearly shorter than the death rate in urban areas. Otherwise, for the length of waiting time to the expected damage amount must be removed. In general, a wait is minutes from at least 30. recommended as the accident cause the level of damage usually can not appreciate real. To shorten the waiting time can of course be notified the police immediately. But they do not hit and run penalty if they are taken to the hospital or by the police for blood sample (OLG Köln VRS 57, 406).

When is before a bagatelle or insignificant damage?

This question is difficult to answer. An insignificant loss is usually present when no civil damage claims can be made. However, the same applies here, that caused the accident may never be completely error-free set the amount of loss or damage has been underestimated. The exact extent of accidents can only be determined by using tests of automotive expert. It is therefore not recommended to carry out its own "failure analysis". They meet a certain qualifying period, are On the safe side.

I am committed to dates and have no time to observe the waiting period. What can I do?

Even in the case of an important business appointment, subject to the control room duty. It is often assumed that leave the business card / AG Kiel, Judgement of 07.08.2002) or a slip enough with the personal. However, this is a common mistake, since it is never sure whether the statement the accident opponent achieved. This is true even for minor damage.

May the victims urge to await the arrival of the police?

The § 142 of the Criminal Code is to ensure the victim's civil claims against you. According to § 142 I StGB they must allow findings to you, your vehicle and the nature of their involvement in the accident. Do you have all necessary information to settle claims made, you may not remove, in principle, from the accident. The arrival of the police is to be seen only when an additional evidence interest (eg the driver is drunk).

About the author: Thomas Brunow lawyer is legal counsel of the Volkswagen - Audi Dealers Association of Traffic Law Traffic Law and member of the consortium in Berlin. Attorney Thomas Brunow helps victims and those affected by road accidents on traffic violations quickly and efficiently.

more info: www.verkehrsrecht-24.de

Tel: 030 / 226 35 71 13

lawyer Thomas Brunow is a partner of the firm Prof. Dr. string & Partner Berlin

Clearance Above Recessed

hit and run - meaning and consequences of speeding

What is a hit and run?

In this series, we inform patients and injured on the meaning and consequences of a hit and run. According to the traffic reports from various police every second of hit and run case is resolved. In this case, the accident flight, the approach taken in most criminal traffic offense dar.

Basics:

When leaving a parking space, maneuvering, or even in moving traffic, there are always accidents. So that any insurance or civil legal issues can be resolved, must identify the perpetrator and the victim together the damage to the vehicle. All too often the perpetrator to commit a hit and run in order to remain undetected and do not stand up for the costly repairs to have to.

achieve with this action but they the criminal offense of unauthorized leave from the scene of an accident pursuant to § 142 StGB. Accordingly, the one who makes a criminal offense, which is removed as a participant in a traffic accident from the scene before the other party in an accident to determine his personal or his vehicle has allowed or maintained in the circumstances of the accident has reasonable time.

Removes the accident but the cause of the accident, after he has been waiting a while, he must make the findings immediately afterwards. The hit and run not only attracts harsh consequences in the area of criminal law and the offenses for themselves, but also has an impact on the insurance benefits of the hull and liability insurance. The driver is a fugitive threatened imprisonment or a fine and possibly a ban, in certain circumstances must he even lose the license.

Therefore, it important to know how to behave in the event of an accident the law. This applies particularly to the questions on the length of waiting time, the manner of determining the identity and the event that you have not noticed the accident.

Part 1 deals with the duty of the waiting involved in the accident.

About the author: Thomas Brunow lawyer is legal counsel of the Volkswagen - Audi Dealers Association of Traffic Law Traffic Law and member of the consortium in Berlin. Attorney Thomas Brunow helps victims and those affected by road accidents on traffic violations quickly and efficiently.

more info: www.verkehrsrecht-24.de

Tel: 030 / 226 35 71 13

lawyer Thomas Brunow is a partner of the firm Prof. Dr. string & Partner Berlin

Filmy. Sk Online Zdarma

- negligence or intent

speeding - Negligence or intent

The question of whether a speed violation is committed intentionally or negligently, plays a crucial role in determining the amount of the fine.

According to § 3 para 4 a the fine catalog-regulation: a fact of Section I of the fine catalog is intentionally caused for which a set of rules is provided by more than 35 €, then the rule set is given there to double ...

The Federal Council justified this change with the increase of traffic safety by improving the general and specific deterrence, greater differentiation in the prosecution of traffic offenses, depending on their culpability.

In practice, however, it is not so easy to determine whether the speed violation was committed intentionally or negligently. The authorities make it just fine in the rule and provide only for the established speed from.

The case law is overwhelmingly on the idea that the amount of detected speeding alone in committing an intentional can not be justified. Only based on local conditions can be combined with other circumstances, which include the speed at which to draw conclusions on the existence of intent or negligence.

cases from the case:

If the person concerned the permissible speed exceeded by more than 100% has to assume it is intentional. If the violation in a recognizable site area occurred, you need a mistake to overlook the speed limit does not discuss becoming (OLG Celle Dec. of 25 August 2005)

A resolution adopted is not objectionable if the speed limit of 100 km / h was exceeded on a main road by 57 km / hr. At a speed exceeding this size is already due to the visual impact of the environment during the trip possible that the driver is not aware. This applies even if found Is that the vehicle has developed this significant noise (OLG Hamm Dec. of 14 July 2008)

With three violations in a short time despite adequate signage is also speeding 13-19 km / h of intent be considered . The violations, however, are in such a case to be considered as concomitance ( OLG Jena decision of 29.10.2007).

to shake the accusation is not enough even to make known, to have overlooked the signs for simple negligence. Required is, of course, that the driver - Has complied with relevant speed limit - the rate-limiting without the signs. Thus in the case hard to see to it at a gross breach of duty no drivers to load, if it already exceeds the allowed maximum speed without traffic signals. This is usually sufficient even minor transgressions. (Example: drivers driving in a 30 - urban area with 55 km / h).

About the author: Thomas Brunow lawyer is legal counsel of the Volkswagen - Audi Dealers Association of Traffic Law and member of the consortium Traffic Law in Berlin. Attorney Thomas Brunow helps victims and those affected by road accidents on traffic violations quickly and efficiently.

more info: www.verkehrsrecht-24.de

Tel: 030 / 226 35 71 13

lawyer Thomas Brunow is a partner Registry Prof. Dr. string & Partner Berlin

Conditioning Mascarra

claims management Part 2

Why hire a specialist in the traffic law attorney after a traffic accident is required, as the following case:

After a traffic accident through no fault of the victim our firm was responsible for handling the damage items. Before the commissioning of our firm continued as a civil liability insurance in connection with the victim and offered a friendly but firm to the settlement under active claims management. The victim wanted was pleased to take care of the opposing party liability insurance for everything and take him to work.

The liability insurance was responsible immediately its own experts to visit the vehicle damage. The experts identified a total loss.

the replacement value estimated by experts with 4,950 €. It was from a residual value bid of € 2,377.00.

The estimated repair costs of experts to € 5,195.00. As the repair costs exceed the replacement value, was present according to reports a total loss. The victim, however, intended to repair his vehicle in-house and use further. The Insurance regulated but first on total loss basis (replacement cost less residual value) an amount of € 2,573.00 and waited for the presentation of a workshop statement.

Since here, however, was present, according to reports a total loss, would have the intended partial or self-repair may be performed only under certain conditions. The Supreme Court is in its ruling of 8 December 2009, VI ZR 119/09, in this case requires the following:

compensation for repair costs up to 30 percent of the replacement value the vehicle may only be required if the repair is carried out professionally and in a size such as that made by the experts on the basis of his estimate.

This is of course at a repair on your own hard to realize and certainly difficult to prove. After repair, the insurance continued to insist to settle the damage on total loss basis, and paid no further compensation. Mandated by the insurance experts noted fact that the repair was not just made in the size such as that of the experts had taken on the basis of his estimate. Thus, not including various repair damage, various spare parts were replaced with spare parts.

victims often do not know that, is that the replacement value can be evaluated quite differently. Thus, the expert in the assessment, provision of a certain latitude. This was exploited here in favor of the insurance down.

After the victim's opinion submitted by the insurance firm, was transferred immediately to the replacement cost of the review to an available expert. Because of this low quotation was obvious that this "artificial" a total loss should be constructed.

The switched on by the firm experts assessed the replacement cost because of the vehicle state to € 5,450.00, well above the calculated cost of repairs. This was a so-called "sub-hundred-case" before.

This new facts (the replacement value of repair costs); which were finally accepted by the insurance also could repair the injured part, their vehicles, but the quality did not matter and received by the liability insurance, the cost of repair to the replacement value.

Without the review of the insurance would report the victim in this particular case, only the replacement value minus residual value remains. The victim would be a loss of around € 2,400.00 (50%) emerged.

Reference is again clearly clarifies that the active claims management liability insurance only serves its own interests. Even if it is at first sight for injured very easily to leave the management of the insurance, they should in their own interest that intention.

In a no fault accident will include the cost of its own expert and the lawyer of the opposing party liability insurance taken so that the victim receives no financial risk. With the involvement of a specialist on the traffic law attorney, the victim may be safe after a traffic accident, that his rights be enforced in full.

About the author: Thomas Brunow lawyer is legal counsel of the Volkswagen - Audi Dealers Association of Traffic Law Traffic Law and member of the consortium in Berlin. Attorney Thomas Brunow helps victims and those affected by road accidents on traffic violations quickly and efficiently.

more info: www.verkehrsrecht-24.de

lawyer Thomas Brunow is a partner of the firm Prof. Dr. string & Partner Berlin

Does Expired Blistex Still Work

Germany - A "! Contrast," Republic?

The Castor arrived in Gorleben, thus a good time, sometimes a little personal balance sheet . Draw

I have followed closely the whole transport especially in the media, the live ticker.

nuclear power - a complicated matter

I find it a little difficult to position myself clearly on one side, because I understand the arguments of both sides.

We live in an age in which no energy is not much. The savings potential is also limited, because there are also more and more groupings verteuteln energy saving light bulbs and the light bulb ban is long since bypassed by Umdeklaration bulbs to heating elements (see Heat Ball ). (The light bulb ban I am also not particularly useful and also energy saving lamps certainly have its pitfalls, but the results here from now to the very topic.)

Most renewable energy sources like solar and wind have the problem that they are subject to large fluctuations.

is also the constant fluctuations in demand for electricity and the utilities are constantly trying to readjust the power plants to match the demand. Now it works not with all types of power plants equally well. Nuclear power plants for example are very powerful, but very slowly. Gas turbines are operating expensive to fix but quick.

With sun and wind can not compensate for fluctuations, these energy sources to bring even fluctuations in the system. And so a power distribution network is a very sensitive matter. A wrong forecast consumption can lead to overloading of a line, which is emergency deenergizes and thus leads to overloading of other lines. A chain reaction begins and at the end of half the country sits in the dark.

What is lacking an effective way to save electricity is to win a regulatory buffer. Batteries are used to store electricity on a large scale, unfortunately, still too inefficient. Yet it also suffers from the electric car.

would be an opportunity to operate with wind-and solar-energy water into a large reservoir to the pump and of the stored energy as needed, a water power plant. ( pumped storage plant )

may be possible to split the wind and solar energy and water into hydrogen and oxygen and transform internal combustion engines / turbines it back into electricity. Here again from hydrogen and oxygen is water. But I do not know how well this works on a large scale.

The reservoirs but I am pretty sure that there are also large-scale protests.

is another problem that the electricity produced by wind energy effectively, especially in coastal regions or disturb the wind turbines in the North Sea by anyone noise and flickering shadows.

This requires, however, a conversion of the Energy network and probably the building of new high-voltage power lines.

It is therefore unrealistic to shut down the nuclear power plants right away.

The decision to extend the nuclear run-times, I can understand so well, as long as it really is no realistic replacement technology.

What I did not understand the other hand, is the way in which these life extension was pushed through by the back door. This policy has destroyed a lot of confidence and certainly did no favors.

The peaceful demonstrations against the Castor transport I can consequently help to understand and, if you take the train considered only as a symbol. That the Castor transport itself is inevitable, one can not really doubt, because the transport is only a consequence of past experience. That would be as if we were to protect the environment in which it prohibits the garbage disposal, rather than focusing on the prevention of waste.

would actually make more sense, rather than demonstrate against the disposal of the old fuel to the armament of the nuclear power plants with new elements. If the truck is not with the new fuel goes through, it is also true rather those who make direct contact with the nuclear power and therefore may have less interest in research into alternatives. But when

Symbol are the protests against the train for me, as I said ok. In any case, as long as they remain peaceful and under. For the deliberate removal of gravel from the tracks I have no real understanding. can follow when the train derailed this have to the anti-nuclear activists certainly do not want.

I think it would be better if a political way would be found to punish the arbitrary actions of some politicians. Then we could all the money that has flowed into the police action, perhaps even invest in research for real alternatives.

I suspect that some demonstrators even more to the "exceptional experience" as a welcome change from everyday life went on. It remains to be seen if the protests continue now, or all for the "adventure weekend" to go back to the daily business.

Stuttgart 21

exciting it is also how it continues now with Stuttgart 21. I could well imagine that the protests intensify there now, after the protest culture in the Castor transport has indeed works quite well.

need to Stuttgart 21, I say, though, that I have no real opinion on this project. Stuttgart is far away and I have no idea whether the city needs a new station or not. And if so, whether it is an expensive underground needs to be. Since I consider myself to Dieter Nuhr, who says: "If you do not Idea, just keep face! "

I think it is important to the (subjectively) important political issues of its own (!) Have opinions, but also is less sometimes more. Would I have to deal with any station in Germany and he is still so far away, I would come to nothing else. And the thing itself is served with too many opinions not always. Too many cooks spoil the broth is well known and one can totreden everything.

What I find Stuttgart 21 however, very surprising is the procedure. fear in Germany you must not normally in any of the red tape davongaloppiert. Everything will be examined x-fold, then pulls out of Stuttgart and 21 for 1-2 decades. Why come all the protests only now?

The protests may be justifiable, but seems to me all very emotional. And at all (berechtigten!) criticism of the political leadership has to occasionally take caste and voters at themselves and impose certain standards of decision making itself.

This is also a reason why I am against referendums skeptical. I do not paint rather from what would happen would be allowed to vote after a series of "Internet crime scene" about the death penalty for sex offenders.

In "Internet crime scene" is it cold shivers down my spine. But not only because of the pedophile presented there, but mainly because of the style of the show. But that's another topic.

Although I am also of the view so that a lifetime extension of nuclear power plants, the only way to effectively protect children against child molesters. Why? That's obvious! And anyone who is against it, makes child pornography and advance what should be ashamed! Or something like that.

Germany - A "! Contrast," Republic?

I sometimes get the impression that one is in Germany now against everything. Just simply change anything, you never never know what could happen.

If Google launched Street View, I'm going to look to see who has let his house all Pixelize.